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Collagen is the most abundant protein in a human body. It is a critical component of almost all organs and tissues, providing the framework for cell attachment and growth. Collagen degradation regulates normal tissue remodeling which occurs during development, homeostasis and repair,^[1] whereas excessive collagen degradation is a key feature of tissues in a variety of diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and fibrosis.^[2]

All types of collagen from all species share the triple helical protein structure, which is nearly exclusively found in collagen. After being cleaved by a collagenase, the collagen molecule becomes thermally unstable at body temperature and the triple helix spontaneously denatures.^[3,4,5]It is also found that unfolding of the collagen triple helix occurs during mechanical injuries of connective tissues and is an important damage mechanism.^[6]

The founders of 3Helix invented the Collagen Hybridizing Peptide (CHP) that can specifically bind to unfolded collagen molecules, by forming the triple helix with the denatured collagen chains, in a fashion analogous to a primer binding to a melted DNA strand during PCR.^[4] Conjugated with a fluorescent or biotin label, CHP is the first probe of its kind to enable direct detection of unfolded collagen molecules in virtually any tissue that has been subject to mechanical damage,^[6] or enzymatic remodeling (whether physiologically regulated, or disease associated).^[5]

Collagen is also one of the most widely used natural scaffold materials for regenerative medicine. The process of harvesting native extracellular matrices by removing cells from animal tissues (i.e., tissue decellularization) may alter the collagen structure and negatively affect the mechanical property and regenerative capacity of the ECM materials. CHP enables assessment of the structural integrity of collagen matrices from the molecular level, and facilitates optimization of the decellularization protocols.^[7]

Additionally, CHP can be used in several biochemical assays, such as in-gel Western blot,^[8] for identification and possibly quantification of collagen content in a biological sample.

CHPs compared to traditional staining methods

CHP versus conventional collagen characterization methods

Reference

Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodeling. Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology (2007) 8, 221-233.
Targeting and mimicking collagens via triple helical peptide assembly. Current Opinion in Chemical Biology (2013)
Collagenase unwinds triple-helical collagen prior to peptide bond hydrolysis. EMBO Journal (2004) 23, 3020-3030.
Targeting collagen strands by photo-triggered triple-helix hybridization. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America (2012)
In situ imaging of tissue remodeling with collagen hybridizing peptides. ACS Nano (2017) (open access)
Molecular level detection and localization of mechanical damage in collagen enabled by collagen hybridizing peptides. Nature Communications (2017) (open access)
Molecular assessment of collagen denaturation in decellularized tissues using a collagen hybridizing peptide. Acta Biomaterialia (2017) (open access)
Direct detection of collagenous proteins by fluorescently labeled collagen mimetic peptides. Bioconjugate Chemistry (2013)

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